Ferromanganese is an important ferroalloy used extensively in steelmaking as a micro-alloying element. In this article, we will discuss various aspects of it including its production, properties, uses and markets.
Production
It is produced by carbothermic reduction of manganese ore in a submerged arc furnace. The Ferro Manganese ore used typically contains 35-50% manganese along with gangue materials like silica, alumina etc. Carbon sources like coal, coke or charcoal are used along with fluxing agents like limestone. The reaction takes place at temperatures around 1100-1200°C. Based on the carbon content, it is categorized into low-, medium- and high-carbon ferromanganese grades. India and South Africa are among the major producers of it worldwide.
Chemical Properties and Grades
The chemical composition of it depends on the manufacturing process parameters. The manganese content ranges from 65-98% while carbon varies between 0.5-8%. Other impurities present are silicon, phosphorus and sulfur. Depending on carbon content, the major grades are:
- Low Carbon (LCFM): 0.4-1.5% C
- Medium Carbon (MCFM): 1.5-3.5% C
- High Carbon (HCFM): 3.5-6.5% C
Extra high carbon (EHCFM) grades with carbon above 6.5% are also produced.
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